The COVID-19 pandemic has turned the world upside down, making it difficult to notice positive developments. As of this writing, more than one-third of COVID-19 cases to date have recovered from the disease. As treatment procedures continue to progress and new pharmaceuticals are approved for use, health experts expect the recovery rate to continue to improve. Until then, recovery rates are primarily driven by the availability of health care providers and the equipment they require.

Many companies around the world have stepped up to increase the supply of essential equipment for fighting COVID-19. In some cases, manufacturers have converted existing production facilities for core products to the production of personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, and other medical stocks. Of course, this has a ripple effect on the suppliers to these converted factories. Those suppliers must also ramp up the production of devices and materials used for the construction of the required medical systems.

Silicon Labs is helping with combating the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic at a global level. For example, our isolation products provide safety for patients and noise immunity for sensitive electronic medical equipment such as ventilators that are helping to save lives in this pandemic. We are expediting our supply chain despite the challenges posed by lockdowns and work-from-home policies to make sure that our manufacturing customers are receiving products on time to build critical equipment. For instance, a Silicon Labs customer in Taiwan has tooled up its factories that otherwise produce power supplies for industrial products to help meet the demand for PPE. Besides face masks and protective suits, they are also producing life-saving equipment such as ventilators. The ventilators are sophisticated medical electronic equipment that must run reliably and accurately to provide life support to patients affected by COVID-19. Digital isolation devices inside the ventilators safeguard patients while shielding the equipment from extraneous electrical noise to ensure accuracy and reliability. 

Another Silicon Labs customer based in China that produces programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for factory automation has retooled to manufacture PPE. PLCs are complex devices that automate the manufacturing process by reading sensors, processing data, and controlling actuators. Without PLCs, it would be impossible to manufacture PPE in the volume and with the quality needed to stop the transmission of COVID-19. Silicon Labs’ digital isolation devices are built into the inputs and outputs of PLCs to protect the sophisticated controllers from harsh electrical transients common on plant floors and to ensure they can operate reliably around the clock.

It’s reassuring to see the global community of employees, suppliers, customers, and distributors pulling together not only to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic but to make meaningful contributions that will “flatten the curve.” Silicon Labs is honored to provide high-performance, robust, and reliable isolation solutions to help medical equipment manufacturers and factories meet growing demand during this difficult time.

Using isolated gate drivers as discrete components in system design can reduce overall system costs due to package size requirements.  In this blog, we take a look at isolated gate drivers, discrete gate drivers, component integration and various solutions. We also discuss the benefits and tradeoffs to integration and why it’s not always the best solution.

Component integration has been the driving force of the semiconductor industry for more than 60 years. It’s right there in the industry term, “integrated circuits,” and year after year diligent circuit designers, engineers and product marketers look for opportunities to take chips to the next level of integration to reduce cost, shrink device and board size, and minimize bill of materials (BOM).

Why not? There are many good reasons and advantages for system designers to integrate more functionality into IC devices. First is convenience. Soldering down one device is always better than having to solder down two. Next is interoperability. Integrated components are, of course, designed to work together. There is no need to worry about matching digital interfaces, impedances or messy glue logic. Finally, cost is a big incentive for component integration. Cost reduction has been the promise of integration realized now in economical computing systems and low-cost microcontrollers (MCUs) with an ever-increasing slew of functions.

When functions are complementary in achieving a system goal, then integration makes a lot of sense. The integration of high-performance op amps with analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is a good example. The next step is integrating these analog components with an MCU. Together, they accomplish a system requirement with all the advantages of integration. Now, the further integration of wireless components is the next waypoint on the trail of semiconductor progress.

Integration Isn't Always the Best Solution

Not all integration incurs advantages without significant disadvantages or tradeoffs. In some cases, the better choice for a system design may be to continue with discrete components. Often, the deciding factor in whether to integrate or not is the effect of noise on the various components. Sensitive analog measurement integrated with noisy switching components rarely results in an improved system. Another instance when integration comes into question is when there are parts of the system that are space critical. This is generally related to the parasitic capacitors, loops and inductors in the system. When one parameter must be minimized, it often takes precedence over any advantages that may be gained by integration. Finally, the cost benefit of integration can sometimes reverse. This situation is seen with power MOSFETs where discrete components end up being cheaper than equivalent integrated devices because of the specialized fab process and packaging associated with them.

Isolated Gate Drivers

A common component that exemplifies the advantages of discrete over integrated components is the isolated gate driver. Isolated gate drivers are used when switching high-voltage rails in power conversion systems. Besides the requirements associated with effective driving of switch gates – fast current sourcing, low propagation delay and high transient immunity – there are also distinct requirements associated with the isolation such as package spacing.

There are clear reasons why an isolated gate driver is not a good candidate for integration into its paired system controller. For example, the fast, high-voltage switching of a field-effect transistor (FET) gate is inherently noisy. The gate voltage on the high-side switch travels through the entire range between the lower rail and the upper rail during the typical switching cycle. In some areas of the switching cycle, it can change by hundreds of volts or more in tens of nanoseconds or less. This fluctuation produces huge transients on the gate driver output. Dedicated gate drivers are designed to reject these transients but introducing this noise into the package can affect all circuits present on the die. If those circuits were sensitive analog circuits or time-critical digital circuits, they would be overwhelmed, and their functions fruitless.

Another reason integration is not an option for these components is that the gate driver needs to be close to the switch it is responsible for. The switch used and its associated requirements for heatsink mass and airflow often set the size for the switching subsystem. For switching half-bridges, and especially for full-bridges, integrated components make it impossible to locate the gate driver close to all of the FETs being used – at least two but often four or more devices. When designing a half-bridge or full-bridge circuit, component placement and printed circuit board (PCB) layout is critical to performance. To get the best performance, current return paths and the effect of parasitic elements – stray capacitance and inductance – must be minimized. Parasitic capacitance and inductance are unavoidable but keeping the driver close to the FET minimizes adverse effects.

Finally, the unique creepage requirements associated with the galvanic isolation deter integration of this component. Creepage is defined as the spacing along the package between exposed metal on the outside of the IC. Generally, as the bus voltage increases, the creepage must be larger. Typical creepage for isolated gate drivers runs from about 4 mm to 8 mm and even larger.

In the theoretical case of integrating an isolated gate driver, this creepage requirement places a large burden on the rest of the components. Integration with a system controller would require the package to grow in size and a large area left free of pins or exposed metal that might reduce creepage. This might significantly reduce the peripherals available to controllers that usually have pins around four sides of a device with functions assigned to each. Increasing the package size and accommodating the requirements of the isolation barrier will surely increase system cost.

Silicon Labs Discrete Gate Drivers

We offer several families of high-performance discrete isolated gate drivers. Some include options for single gate drivers that can be placed very close to the power switch. Other families have high-side/low-side pairs, which provide the same benefits of a discrete driver in noise immunity and cost optimization. However, care must be taken in layout of these devices to maintain symmetric parasitic environments.

The Si827x driver family, for example, provides a very high level of transient noise immunity. The device operates as expected even in the presence of 200 kV/ìs common mode transients. Other gate driver families, such as the Si8239x, offer up to 5 kV isolation ratings in packages with 8 mm creepage. Achieving these specifications and distances, while keeping the solution cost-effective, would be difficult, if not impossible.

Integration of components into a more capable single device makes sense in many cases. Integration of analog and mixed-signal functions, memory and high-performance digital logic has been a boon for the semiconductor industry for decades. The integration model falls short in some application cases, though. Gate drivers used in switching circuits for power converters must remain discrete components to keep noise from interfering with system controller functioning and to allow drivers to be placed close to switches to reduce parasitic effects. Using isolated gate drivers as discrete components in a system design can reduce overall system costs due to the unique package size requirements. Attempting to integrate these components creates a distinct burden that can only be addressed with expensive, non-standard packaging.

To get started, check out these isolation development tools.